The aim of the study is to explore whether we can detect diabetes-related changes in endothelial cells obtained by the ‘endothelial biopsy’ technique.

We are planning a clinical study in which we test the affects of diabetes on vascular endothelial function. To address molecular mechanisms, we will collect endothelial cells from a forearm cubital vein and assess levels of pro-oxidant enzymes, pro-inflammatory signaling molecules, and products of oxidant reactions.

This is a physiologic trial. This protocol study is designed to detect changes in endothelial biopsy specimens in subjects with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. For this protocol study, there are two study visits: a screening visit and one testing visit. The primary outcome is the results of endothelial biopsy.

For healthy subjects:

Inclusion criteria:

· Age ≥ 18 years

Exclusion criteria:

· Age ≥ 65 years (our laboratory has documented age-associated impairment in endothelial function)

· Hypertension, defined as a prior physician diagnosis, or a blood pressure of ≥ 140/90 mm Hg

· Hypercholesterolemia, defined as a prior physician diagnosis, or a total cholesterol of ≥ 240 mg/dL

· Diabetes mellitus, defined as a prior physician diagnosis, or a serum fasting glucose of ≥ 126 mg/dL

· Pregnancy

· BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²

· Active use of cocaine, heroin, methamphetamines, or other illicit substance

· Alcohol intake in excess of 2 beverages per day

· Chronic inflammatory disorder such as collagen vascular disease, chronic hepatitis, malignant cancer, etc.

For diabetic subjects: